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Types of Glass – 30 Different Types of Glass In Industry

by Pavithra Maheswaran
written by Pavithra Maheswaran

The glass is a transparent material and brittle in nature. There are various types of glass used for different purposes. Significant properties and applications of these glasses are discussed in detail in this article.

Table of Contents

  • COMMERCIAL GLASS
    • BOROSILICATE GLASS
    • SODA LIME GLASS
    • SILICA GLASS
  • Special Glas
    • ALKALI-BARIUM SILICATE GLASS
    • ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS
    • GLASS CERAMICS
    • OPTICAL GLASS
    • SEALING GLASS
    • TECHNICAL GLASS
    • VITREOUS GLASS
  • CONSTRUCTION GLASS
    • FLOAT GLASS
    • SHATTERPROOF GLASS
    • LAMINATED GLASS
    • EXTRA CLEAN GLASS
    • CHROMATIC GLASS
    • TINTED GLASS
    • TOUGHENED GLASS
    • GLASS BRICKS
  • Other Types of Glass
    • Fibre GLASS
    • LEAD GLASS
    • PHOSPHATE GLASS
    • GORILLA GLASS
    • TREATED  SODA  LIME GLASS
    • FROSTED GLASS
    • ALKALI BOROSILICATE GLASS
    • XENA GLASS
    • ZERODUR
    • FLUOROSILICATE GLASS
    • BULLETPROOF GLASS
    • GLASS WOOL

COMMERCIAL GLASS

The commercial glass is a glass which can withstand powerful chemicals.

  • The glass usually comes in two forms:
  • Heat soaked glass- can withstand weather, temperature and scratching. It is widely popular
  • Self-cleaning glass- slightly more expensive. Cleans dust particles which is present on the glass by natural elements like rain and UV rays.

The commercial glass is further classified into three types. They are as follows:

  • Borosilicate glass
  • Soda lime glass
  • Silica glass

BOROSILICATE GLASS

Borosilicate glass is a glass which contains at least 5% boric acid. It is also known as Type-I glass and Pyrex.

Properties

  • Resistance to glass at high temperatures and also improves the resistance to chemical corrosion.
  • High hydrolytic resistance due to the chemical composition of the glass.
  • Better thermal shock resistance
  • Chemical durability
  • Higher electrical resistivity.

Applications

  • Used in laboratory glassware as beakers, test tubes and conical flask.

Composition of some common commercial Borosilicate Glasses

Component

(Wt %)

CGW – 7740

(labware)

CGW-7070

(electrical)

Cgw-7059

(substrate)

CGW – 7052

(sealing)

Sio281724964
Li2o–0.5–1
Na2o40.5–2
K2o–1–3
BaO––253
Al2o321108
B2o313251519

SODA LIME GLASS

Tempered soda lime glass/ soda -lime glass(untreated)/ soda-lime-silica, the most prevalent type of glass. It is inexpensive and also known as Type-III glass.

Properties

  • High mechanical strength
  • High thermal shock resistance
  • Chemically stable
  • Hard

Applications

  • Used in windows (flat glass) and containers(container glass)
  • Used for glass recycling.
  • Commonly used for beverages, food and pharmaceutical preparations.

Type –III glass is not suitable for autoclaved products. Why?

Autoclaving process will accelerate the glass corrosion reaction. Hence, Type-III glass/soda lime silica glass/ soda-lime-silica glass is not suitable for the autoclaved process.

SILICA GLASS

Silica glass is a very thin and transparent glass. It is also called as fused quartz.

Properties

  • Can withstand high temperatures
  • High chemical durability
  • High thermal shock resistance
  • Low coefficient of thermal expansion
  • Very low electrical conductivity

Applications

  • Used in semiconductor fabrication furnaces
  • Used in a telescope as surface mirrors

Here we will discuss the special types of glass in detail.

Special Glas

ALKALI-BARIUM SILICATE GLASS

Alkali barium silicate glass is a type of special glass.

Advantage

  • To protect our eyes from harmful X-rays
  • No long-term health issues

Applications

  • Alkali barium silicate glass is used in television screens.

ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS

Aluminosilicate glass exists in a wide variety of glass. It contains at least 5% of aluminium oxide.

Properties

  • Better chemical resistance
  • Withstand high temperature

Applications

  • Used in space shuttles, windows, gauges and thermometers

Aluminosilicate glass is categorised into two groups.

  • Alkaline earth aluminosilicate glasses

Properties

  • High transformation temperature
  • High softening points

Applications 

  • Used in halogen lamps, thermometers and thermal & electrical resistors.
  • Alkali aluminosilicate glasses

Properties

  • High compressive strength
  • High transformation temperature
  • Outstanding mechanical properties

Applications

  • Used in touch displays and solar cell cover glass

GLASS CERAMICS

Ceramic glass is a glass in which the glass is reheated and crystallised
Properties

  • Uniform size and uniform crystals
  • The high density of crystalline nuclei (To achieve this, add titania, zirconia and phosphorous pentoxide)

Applications

  • Used in stovetops and glass utensils.
  • Used in dental prostheses

OPTICAL GLASS

Optical glass is a special product, and this glass is hard to manufacture. This type of glass is also known as crown glass.
Properties

  • Low refractive index
  • Low dispersion.

Applications

  • Used in lenses
  • Telescopes

SEALING GLASS

Sealing glass is a glass which is easy to break and manufacture.
Properties

  • Capable of wetting
  • Thermal expansion of glass must be carefully matched to the seal.

Applications

  • Used in bulbs and tube lights

TECHNICAL GLASS

Properties

  • High strength and high ductility
  • High durability
  • Good thermal shock resistance
  • Chemical durability

Technical is subdivided into four categories as follows and its applications.

  • Borate glass – used in the screen of a computer
  • Passivation glass- used as silicon chips in the computer
  • Phosphate glass – used in electron multipliers
  • Chalcogenide glass – used in computers

VITREOUS GLASS

The vitreous glass is a glass which is produced at lower temperatures
Properties

  • Opaque
  • The low thermal expansion coefficient

Applications

  • Used in artworks

CONSTRUCTION GLASS

Construction glass is a glass which can be used in building appliances.

FLOAT GLASS

Float glass is made of sodium silicate and calcium silicate
Properties

  • High density (2500 Kg/m3)
  • High refractive index
  • Low melting temperature
  • Good optical clarity

Applications

  • Used in modern windows

SHATTERPROOF GLASS

The shatterproof glass is a glass which made with resin or plates of plastic. It is also known as bulletproof glass
Properties

  • Not form sharp edges when broken

Applications

  • Used in windows required high security
  • Used in jewellery, military as well as private vehicle
  • Used in skylight, flooring

LAMINATED GLASS

Laminated glass consists of the plastic interlayer in which provides a plastic-like structure
Properties

  • High temperature
  • Flat and clear
  • Minimize breaking

Applications

  • Used in front doors and windscreens
  • Used in bridges, floors and aquariums

EXTRA CLEAN GLASS

The extra clean glass is a glass which can be maintained easily
Properties

  • Photocatalytic
  • Hydrophilic
  • Acts as stain proof due to above said properties

Applications

  • Used for decoration purposes.

CHROMATIC GLASS

The chromatic glass is a colour vision tool for the person who difficult in recognising specific colours. It can be in three forms:

  • Photochromatic
  • Thermochromatic
  • Electro chromatic

Properties

  • Control transparent efficiency

Applications

  • Used in meeting rooms and ICUs

TINTED GLASS

Tinted glass is a glass in which some addition of colours to glass batch mix.
For example, Iron oxide gives green colour and sulphur provides the blue colour

Properties

  • Heat and light transmission
  • Ultraviolet transmission

Applications

  • Used in transparent surfaces to provide decoration

TOUGHENED GLASS

Toughened glass is a type of safety glass. It is also known as tempered glass.

Properties

  • Increasing strength by controlled thermal and chemical treatments
  • No internal stress

Applications

  • Used in passengers window vehicles
  • Used in swimming pools and computer towers

GLASS BRICKS

Glass brick is an architectural element made from glass. It is also known as the glass block.
Properties

  • Durability
  • Extremely resistant
  • Good thermal and sound insulation

Applications

  • Used in windows, walls and non-load bearing walls

Other Types of Glass

Now we will see other types of glass.

Fibre GLASS

Fibreglass is a glass which is lightweight and robust reinforcement.
Properties

  • Good electrical insulator
  • Low thermal conductivity
  • Low coefficient of linear expansion
  • Fire resistance
  • Chemical resistance
  • Corrosion resistance
  • Cracking resistance

Applications

  • Chemical industry
  • Cooling towers
  • Car washes
  • Beverage industry

LEAD GLASS

Lead glass is a glass which is made up of toxic material. It is commonly called as crystal.

Properties

  • The high atomic weight of 207.2 g/mol
  • High electrical resistance (PbO content of 20-22 wt%)
  • High refractive index (1.7- 1.8)
  • Density up to 3.1 g/cm3 and for high lead glass 4.0 g/cm3 or it can be even up to 5.9 g/cm3
  • Good X-Ray shielding properties
  • Low-temperature sealing
  • Shiny appearance
  • Decorative and designing purposes

Applications

  • Ornaments and jewellery
  • Optical lenses
  • Enamel
  • Glass sealants
  • Drinking glasses
  • Prisms
  • Decanters

PHOSPHATE GLASS

Phosphate glass is a glass which comes under the class of optical glasses.
Properties

  • High resistance to hydrofluoric acid
  • Act as an efficient heat absorber due to the addition of iron oxide
  • Some of this type of glass are soluble in water and biocompatible
  • Low glass transition temperature of 365o C
  • Lower thermal conductivity
  • Lower optical damage

Applications

  • Bone transplantation
  • Optical glasses

GORILLA GLASS

Gorilla glass is a type of float glass. The chemicals used in gorilla glass are aluminium oxide, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide. The shape is flat and thickness up to 8mm.
Properties

  • Thin scratch and shock resistant glass
  • Strong and compatible
  • Highly durable
  • Lightweight

Applications

  • Cell phones to protect the screen.

TREATED  SODA  LIME GLASS

Treated soda lime glass is a modified type of soda lime glass (untreated). It is also known as Type-II glass.
Properties

  • High hydrolytic resistance
  • Low melting point

Applications

  • Suitable for both acidic and neutral aqueous preparations.

FROSTED GLASS

Frosted glass is a glass produced by sandblasting technique or by using etching on the surface of acid.
Properties

  • Translucent or semi-opaque(the view is not clear )

Applications

  • Decorative patterns
  • Light bulbs
  • Windows

ALKALI BOROSILICATE GLASS

Alkali borosilicate glass is a hard glass which is used widely
Properties

  • High reliability
  • High structural strength
  • Temperature stability
  • Highly insulated in electrics

Applications

  • As a sealing in chemical, optical and electronic industries.
  • X-Ray tubes and transmitting tubes.

XENA GLASS

Xena glass is the best form of glass, and it is composed of zinc and barium borosilicate.
Properties

  • Soft
  • Good quality

Applications

  • Containers for chemicals
  • Scientific purposes (equipment)

ZERODUR

Zerodur is a lithium aluminosilicate glass comes under glass ceramics.
Properties

  • Low coefficient of thermal expansion
  • Good chemical stability

Applications

  • Laser optics
  • Space technology
  • X-Ray telescopes

FLUOROSILICATE GLASS

The fluorosilicate glass is a glass material. As the name suggests it is made up of fluorine, silicon and oxygen.
Properties

  • Low dielectric constant
  • Good mechanical and chemical properties

Applications

  • Integrated circuit fabrication
  • Manufacturing of semiconductor fabrication

BULLETPROOF GLASS

Bulletproof glass is a glass made of multiple layers of materials.
Properties

  • Resistance to breakage
  • Resistant windows in vehicles
  • Highly durable and thicker

Applications

  • Banks
  • Hospitals
  • Military vehicles
  • Police stations

GLASS WOOL

Glass wool is a fibrous material which is made from melted glass raw materials and broken pieces of glass(cullet)

Properties

  • Air trapping property
  • Non-combustible
  • Good water resistance
  • Good acoustic performance

Applications

  • Wrap the hot water tank
  • Industrial equipment
  • Wall insulation

CONCLUSION

In this article, we have seen the types of glass in a detailed way. The properties and applications nearly same/ vary which is based on what types of glass.

COMMITTED WITH YOUR PASSION!!!!!

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COMMITTED WITH UR PASSION!!!!!

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Article

Top 10 Cement Company In India – By CeramicNinja.Com

by Ahamed Ayesha Aafrin
written by Ahamed Ayesha Aafrin

The cement industry has a pioneering development over recent years in India. The new innovation in construction and building work has made such an amazing development in this field. It has also made to grow cement industry as a profitable one. India ranks second in the list of cement production among the world. The cement has a key role in the infrastructure construction and is very prominent industry of our country. Here we intend to craft the list of top 10 brands of cement in India.

LIST OF TOP 10 CEMENTS BRAND IN INDIA:

Ultra Tech Cement – The Engineer’s Choice:

The largest exporter of cement from our country is Ultra Tech Cement. It is amongst the world’s top cement manufacturers. This brand provides cement with high quality standard. This company is also a largest exporter of clinker in India. The Aditya Birla group was the one responsible for this cement manufacturing. They officially started manufacturing cement under the brand name of Ultra Tech. It is one of the reputed brands of cement of our country. They produce all types of cements for the industry.

top ultratech cement company

top ultratech cement company

Key facts:
• The company was established in 1983.
• The company was headquartered at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
• Currently the key people include K. K. Maheshwari, who is the director of Ultra Tech Cement.
• The best price range per bag for this cement is 275- 300.
• The installed capacity covers an average capacity of about 93 Million Tonnes Per Annum (MTPA) of grey cement.
• The average employee’s working under this sector include more than 10,000
• The turnover is around 5,000 to 10,000 crores.

 Shree Cement:

This company is mainly noted for its trust. This is well known for its efficient and environment friendly company in the global cement industry. This is one of the rapidly growing industries in India. This company produces a range of cement under a wide variety of brand names.

top Shree Cement company

top Shree Cement company

Key facts:
• This cement industry was established in 1970.
• The Shree cement is earlier headquartered at Bangur Nagar at Ajmer, Rajasthan, India and now at Kolkata, India.
• The key people includes i. Benu Gopal Bangur (Executive Chairman)
ii. Hari Mohan Bangur (Managing Director)
iii. Subash Jajoo (C. F. O)
iv. R. L. Gaggar (Director)
v. Shreekant Somany (Director)
vi. Y. K. Alagh (Director)
vii. Abid Hussain (Director)
viii. Nitin Desai (Director)
• The best price range per bag is about 220- 265.
• The total turnover is about 9,833 crores.
• A wholesome of about 5,000 to 10,000 people is working under this sector.
• The cement production capacity is about 34.9 Million Tonnes Per Annum (MTPA).

Ambuja Cement:

This sounds the giant industry in the cement manufacturing over 30 years. It is also the trusted brands in our country. The former name of this industry is Gujarat Ambuja Cement Limited. This company is a part of global conglomerate Lafarge Holcim. This company plays a major role in the cement production.

top ambuja cement company

top ambuja cement company

Key facts:
• This cement industry was established in 1983.
• The Ambuja Cements was headquartered at Mumbai, India.
• The cement production capacity was around 29.65 Million Tonnes Per Annum (MTPA).
• It owns a total of about 5 integrated cement manufacturing plants and 8 cement grinding units across the country.
• The key people include i. Suresh Kumar Neotia, Founder & Chairman.
ii. Narotam Sekhsaria, Co- Founder & Chairman.
iii. Ajay Kapur, Managing Director & CEO.
• The number of employees under this sector includes a total of about 5,530 employees.
• The annual turnover is about 10,446 crores.
• The best price range per bag is 210- 240.

ACC Limited:

The full form of ACC Limited is Associate Cement Companies Limited. This brand has the special award in the record of innovative research and product development. The cement is available as a ready mixed concrete from this brand. This company is one of the largest cement manufacturers in India. It also provides specialized consultancy services.

top acc cement company

top acc cement company

Key facts:
• The ACC Limited was established in the year 1936.
• The headquarters of this company is situated at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
• The total number of employee includes about 11,000 people.
• The net income includes about 10.95 billion.
• The key people are i. N. S. Sekhsaria (Chairman)
ii. Neeraj Akhoury (Managing Director & CEO)
• The total units are 12 manufacturing units which is spread all over the major states of the country.
• The best price range per bag is 200- 215.

Binani Cement:

The Binani cement is the country’s reputed brand of the cement company. It is the flagship company of the Braj Binani group. The company’s basic production is Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) under Binani brand. It also tastes premium status with a significant market share. It is primarily engaged with the production and sales of clinker based cement.

top binani cement company

top binani cement company

Key facts:
• The company was established in 1996.
• The headquarters of this company is at Mumbai, India.
• The income is about 18,722 million.
• The total number of employees under this sector is about 10,000.
• The key person of this company is Vinod Juneja who is currently acting as a managing director.
• The best price range per bag is 280- 300.

Ramco Cement:

The flagship of this company is the Ramco grade. It is one of the most trusted cement brands in India. This company ranks fifth in the production of cement among our country. The major products of this company include ordinary portland cement (OPC), ready mix concrete, and dry mortars. The total capacity of installed windmill is 159.185 MW with 229 individual units.

top ramco cement company

top ramco cement company

Key facts:
• The company was established in the year 1957.
• The headquarters was situated at Chennai, Tamilnadu.
• The founder of this company was P. A. C. Ramasamy Raja.
• The key persons are Venkatarama Raju (MD) and A. V. Dharmakrishnan (CEO).
• The revenue includes a total of 4,406 crores.
• The best price range per bag is 270- 310.

OCL India:

The cement name of this company is Dalmia Bharat Cement. OCL is its flagship company. It is one of the popular companies for producing the most prestigious brand named ‘Konark’. This company produces the high range of cements with high quality and high volume stability.

top ocl cement company

top ocl cement company

Key facts:
• The cement company was officially established in 1932.
• The company was headquartered at Rajganpur (Odisha), India.
• The total number of employee’s includes about 5000.
• This company was the achievement of farsighted vision of Sjt. Jaidayalji Dalmia.
• This company is the official manufacturer of super grade cement for use in the construction of Hirakud dam.
• The best price range per bag is 200- 270.

Birla Corp.,:

The Birla Corporation Limited is an Indian- based flagship company. It comes from the flagship of the M. P. Birla group of companies. It owns the ISO 9001: 2000 certification. It covers almost the entire range of cement production and marketing. This company has a total of seven plants across the country.

top birla cement company

top birla cement company

Key facts:
• The Birla Corporation Limited was established in the year 1910. Hence it is 108 years ago.
• The founders of this company are Madhav Prasad Birla, Shri Ghansyam Das Birla.
• The headquarters of this company was located at Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
• The key person of this company is currently Harsh Vardhan Lodha.
• The annual revenue includes a wholesome of 3,723 crores.
• The best price range per bag is 600- 800.

J. K. Cement:

This company exclusively produces cement as well as cement based products. It ranks second in the manufacturing of white cement and wall putty in India. The annual production capacity of this company is 6, 00, 000 tons and 7, 00, 000 tons respectively. In addition, it also manufactures all range of grey cement, white cement, and wall putty. It is the most recognizable brand of cement in our country.

top jk cement company

top jk cement company

Key facts:
• The company’s establishment is in the year of 1975.
• The founder of this company was Lala Kamlapat Singhania & Lala Juggilal Singhania.
• The J. K. Cements was headquartered at Kanpur, India.
• The key people include Yadupati Singhania (Chairman& MD) and Bharat Hari Singhania (President).
• The annual turnover or revenue was about 35,000 crores.
• The total number of employees was about 50,000.
• The best price range per bag is 270- 310.

India Cement:

It is one of the top 5 cement companies in India. This company owns Indian Premier League (IPL) is the proud owner of Chennai Super Kings. It has a total of seven integrated cement plants around our country. The brands owned this company includes Sankar, Coramandel and Rassi Gold. The head of this company is N. Srinivasan who is the chairman of International Cricket Council.

top india cements company

top india cements company

Key facts:
• The company was founded in the year 1946.
• The headquarters was located at Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
• The key person includes Srinivasan who is acting as the Managing director.
• The total number of employee’s includes about 50,000.
• The total income of this company was about 5,331 crores.
• The total cement production capacity was about 15.5 Million Tonnes Per Annum (MTPA).
• The best price range per bag is 380- 800.

Conclusion:

The top brands of cements in India have been listed here. Apart from the above, there are several industries which manufacture cement in India. They may work under small scale and popular to certain locality.

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Article

16 Types of Cement – Different Type of Cements

by Ahamed Ayesha Aafrin
written by Ahamed Ayesha Aafrin

Different types of cement are manufactured for different types of Application. Every cement has a different type of property required for the application. In general, The Cement is an adhesive (bonding agent) and is a cohesive (consistent) materials. It has the capability of bonding together particles of solid matter into a compact, durable mass. However, its primary function is to bind the fine and coarse aggregate particles together.

In this article, We are going to see all the different types of cement available in the industry. We are going to see each cement raw materials, properties, applications and testings.

Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC):

About 70% of cement produced in Industry are was of this category of cement. We have three grades of Portland cement. They are Grade 33, 43 and 53. However pure Portland types of cement were not marketed nowadays in bags.

ordinary portland type of cement

ordinary Portland type of cement

Properties: It produces a medium range of strength development and heat generation. The full strength development will take from 3 to 7 days based on the grade of the cement. And for better reaction water need to be sprinkled on the construction for 7 days to avoid any early crack in the surface of the cement.

Application: It is widely used in all ordinary concrete work, mortar, plaster etc. These kinds of cement is the one we use for the house and commercial complex building.

Portland Pozzolana Cement(PPC):

This type of cement is the most common type available now on the market. It is made by blending 10% to 25% reactive pozzolana like fly ash or Calcined clay with ordinary Portland cement. It is also available in 3 grades.

Portland Pozzolana Type Cement

Portland Pozzolana Type Cement

Properties: The heat of hydration rate is slow.

Applications: Because of the slow hydration rate,  It is used in mass concrete construction like high rise buildings, underwater concrete structures etc.,

Sulphate Resisting Cement or Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (SRC or SRPC):

The production of this type of cement is small in India. It is superior in resistance against sulphates. It is beneficial in the area where the concrete is vulnerable to sulphate attack in large amounts. It is expensive and not readily available because of the requirement of the special raw material.

Sulphate Resisting Cement

Sulphate Resisting Cement

Properties: High resistance to sulphates. The strength of this cement is also almost the same as the Portland cement.

Applications: Because of the special property of sulphate resistance, It is used in soil or saline groundwater exposed areas. And also used in the area of sea water.

Portland Slag Cement or Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (PSC or BFSC):

It constitutes about 10% of cement production in Industry. The primary raw material is the slag from the steel manufacturing industry. Every ton of cast iron in steel industry produces about 0.3 tons of blast furnace slag which is used to manufacture slag cement.

Portland Slag type of cement

Portland Slag type of cement

Properties: Slag cement has a lower [simple_tooltip content=’Heat generation during the water and cement reaction’]heat of hydration[/simple_tooltip] and better [simple_tooltip content=’non reactive to sulphates’]sulphate resistance[/simple_tooltip].

Uses: Because of the low heat of hydration and the resistance to the sulphates, these cement are used where both properties required. Heavy or think construction requires the property of low heat of hydration and water stagnant areas required sulphate resistance. So this kind of cement is used in the dams and marine structures. It is used in the areas with high sulphate content in water.

Low Heat Cement:

As the name suggests, it has a low heat of hydration. It finds its usage in concrete works such as gravity dam and thick retaining walls. It is strictly prevented from using it for thin concrete structure. Because of comparative low strength.

Applications: It is also used in massive concrete construction like massive footings, large raft slabs, pavements etc., Like these Low heat cement are normally used to produce pre-made block for bridges and dams and then it is installed in the construction locations.

Rapid Hardening Cement:

This type of cement is quite similar to that of ordinary Portland cement because of their texture. However, it is finer than the latter. It is also known as ‘high early strength cement because it produces strength at the age of 3 days equivalent to the seven days strength produced by ordinary portland cement with the same water-cement ratio. Since it attains higher strength in a shorter period, it can be used to remove formwork in an early stage itself. You can buy this cement at 37 Kg/ 50Kg packages or 1 or 2 tonnes packages.

Properties: High strength attainment in the first 3 days. Because the cement is fine, the reaction takes place at much higher speed compared to normal portland cement. so the strength attainment takes a much shorter time. Colour in grey colour. 3rd-day compressive strength is around 35 MPA. 28th-day compressive strength is around 65MPA.

Application: This special properties of this cement make it sued at where the smooth structure and fast setting is required.

Concrete Sleeper Grade cement:

This is a special grade of material with very high strength and high lifetime, even at any kind of change in wheater condition. It is made out of steel reinforced concrete.

Sleep Grade type cement

Sleep Grade type cement

Application: It is generally used for the construction where the replacement is very difficult to carry out.

Coloured Cement:

These types of cement are manufactured by adding 10% to 15% of suitable pigments (colouring agents) while grinding the cement. It is also called as Colcrete.

These types of colours are obtained by adding oxides into the composition of the cement. You can get the yellow, red, green and many varieties of colours.

Applications: These cements are used for floor works, wall works and many other decorative places.

White Cement:

It is manufactured by adding iron oxide (Fe2O3) and manganese oxide (MnO) in ordinary portland cement and the limestone is the primary raw materials. The strength of the white cement is little lower than the ordinary Portland cement. White cement are available in 5kg, 10Kg, 20 kg and 50 kg bags.

White Type Cement - Types of cements

White Type Cement

Properties: The Initial setting time of the white cement is above 100 Mints and final setting time is around 9 hours. at 3rd the compressive strength of white cement will be around  35 MPA. And 28th-day compressive streng will be around 65 MPA.

It has been extensively used in the joint area of marbles and ceramic tiles. Because of its white colour, it is used for all kind of decorative purpose. It is also used in the manufacturing of mosaic tiles. And this types of cement can’t be used for a high strength application.

Oil Well Cement:

The oil Well Cement is a kind of sulphate resistance cement. But this kind of cement has much higher sulphate resistance because it is specially made for natural gas wells, Crude oil well and other petroleum product storage tanks.

oil Well Cement

oil Well Cement -types of cement

Properties: This kind of cement can withstand at high temperature and the high pressure. This kind of cement has refractory properties, resistance to radiation property and acid proof Properties.

Applications: Used in construction of fume chimney, oil and gas well pipe contraction. And also used in the construction of application where high pressure and high-temperature properties required.

Hydrophobic Cement:

The normal cement tends to set in places of high rainfall and humidity or when stored due to moisture present in the atmosphere. A water-repellent film can be formed around the cement when grinding cement clinker with a water-repellent film forming substance like oleic acid. This prevents the setting of cement.

Application: It is generally used where prolonged storage is required for cement such as a damp site, near military establishments, major air and seaports etc.,

Masonry Cement:

This type of cement is manufactured generally from the raw material of portland cement, gypsum and limestone. The compressive strength of this type of cement usually is 2.5 MPa in 7 days. It is used in mortar for brickwork and also in rubber mortar.

Masonry Type Cement

Masonry Type Cement

Properties: the Intail setting time of the Masonry cement above 90 minutes and the final setting time is above 250 minutes.

High Alumina Cement (HAC):

The high alumina has been exclusively manufactured from limestone and bauxite. This type of cement attains high strength in a short period. Because of its good sulphate resisting capacity, it is used for the construction of underwater related works. It is also known as calcium aluminate cement (CAC). HAC has the high compressive strength and is more workable than ordinary Portland cement.

High alumina Cement type

High alumina Cement type

Properties: The compressive strength of this cement in 1 day is above 50 MPA and 3rd day is above 65. The first-day compressive strength if this cement is much higher than any other cement available. the high alumina content in this cement brings the refractory property of this cement. The initial setting time of this cement is around 60 minutes. And the final setting time is around 180 minutes. The colour of this cement is mild yellow.

Uses: This types of cement are used in high temperature and high strength required construction. It is used as a mortar for the kiln and furnace refractory bricks.

Super Sulphated Cement:

It has been manufactured by the combination of granulated slag, calcium sulphate and portland cement.

Properties: The compressive strength of this cement on the 3rd-day is 15 – 20 MPA and the 28th-day compressive strength is 45 to 50 MPA. The expansion for this cement should be less than 5%.

Applications: It produces less heat of hydration during the setting time. It is generally used in where the soil contains a high amount of sulphates.

Expansive Cement:

This kind of cement is not used for construction. They are used to demolish or create a crack between two rocks or create in the mountains. Series of a hole is made in the mountains, and the water plus this expansive cement is mixed and poured. The cement will starts to expand with high strength and creates a crack between the rocks. Without explosives, the rocks can be split into several parts.

Properties: During expansion, this cement creates pressure equals to 120 MPA. Variety of grades are available to work at different temperatures. The shelf life of this cement is much higher than any other types of cement; it is around 20 Months to 26 Months.

Applications: Used in granite mountain cutting. And used in a variety of application where breaking a structure without explosion.

Quick Setting Cement:

This type of cement is used where quick setting time is needed in a short period. The also know as fast setting cement. Available in 25Kg/50kg/jumbo bags.

Rapid setting Cement type

Rapid setting Cement type

Properties: The initial setting time is less than 10 minutes. And the final setting time is less than 5 Hours. Compressive strength can reach up to 20 Mpa in 5 Hours. In 1 day the compressive will reach near to 40 MPa, and 3rd-day strength will reach near to 50MPa.

Application: It is applied as a spray in the construction location like mine areas. Because of the fast setting property, it is used in areas where the application needs to be quick.

Conclusion:
In this article, We have covered all the types of Cement that are available in the market. And also we saw the Grades of Cements, Ingredients of Cements, Properties of the cement & etc.,

IGNITE YOUR INNOVATION…
PURSUE WITH PERSISTENCE…
TASTE THE FRUIT OF SUCCESS…

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21 Colleges Offering Ceramic Engineering /Technology Course In India

by Pavithra Maheswaran
written by Pavithra Maheswaran

We have listed the Colleges that are offering Ceramic Engineering/Technology Course in India.

S.NOCOLLEGE NAMECOURSES OFFEREDADMISSIONLOCATIONOWNERSHIP
1Alagappa college of technologyUG, PG (B.Tech in Ceramics)TNEAChennai, Tamil NaduGovernment
2Government college of engineering and technologyUG, PG (B.E in Ceramics)WBJEE(West Bengal Joint Entrance Exam), GATEKolkata,West BengalGovernment
3Institute of Ceramic TechnologyUG, PG(Diploma)Depends on State Entrance ExamCuddalore, Tamil NaduGovernment
4Government polytechnic-JhajjarUG & PG in DiplomaDepends on State Entrance ExamJhajjar, HaryanaGovernment
5Utkamalai Gopabandhu Institute of EngineeringCeramic engineering and technology , UG, DiplomaDiploma entrance test(conducted by directorate of technical education)Sundaragh, OdishaGovernment
6Lukhdhiriji engineering collegeUG in diplomaGUJCET(state level exam)Morbi, GujaratGovernment
7National institute of technologyUG, PG, Ph.D (Ceramic engineering)JEE(UG), GATE(PG), Ph.D (NITR)Rourkela, OdishaGovernment
8Andhra universityUG (B.E and B.Tech)Entrance test as per university rilesVishakhapatnam, Andhra PradeshGovernment
9Government Institute of Ceramic TechnologyDiploma in Ceramic Technology (sandwich)AP POLYCET entrance examNellore, Andhra PradeshGovernment
10Banaras Hindu UniversityUG, PG, Ph.D (Ceramic engineering)BHUET (Banaras Hindu University Entrance test)Varanasi, Uttar PradeshGovernment
11Engineering collegeUG(Ceramic engineering)RPET, JEE(Main)2015Kota, RajasthanGovernment
12PDA college of engineeringUG(ceramic engineering)COMEDK-UGET/ KCETGulbarga, KarnatakaGovernment
13R.N Shetty Rural Polytechnic(RNSRP)UG (Diploma in ceramic technology)I, IIA, IIB,,IIIA, IIIB for Karnataka candidate; passed Karnataka SSLCUttara kannada, KarnatakaPrivate
14Shri Jayachamarajendra Government PolytechnicUG (Diploma in ceramic technology)Passed 10 th or equivalent examBengaluru, KarnatakaGovernment
15Mumbai universityUG(BFA in ceramics)MH-AAC-CET(Maharashtra Applied Arts and crafts –Common Entrance Test)Mumbai, MaharashtraGovernment
16Visva Bharati UniversityUG, PG (BFA,MFA)Based on merit and for others on basis of admission test.Bolpur,West BengalGovernment
17MITVishwashanti Sangeet Kala AcademyUG, PG (BFA,MFA)Apply online with required informationPune, Mumbai Private
18MIT School of fine arts and applied artUG, PG (BFA,MFA)MH-AAC-CET, MIT-ADTU FAE(Exam)Pune, MumbaiPrivate
19Gujarat Technological UniversityDiploma in Ceramic TechnologyPassed SSLC or 12 thAhemadabad,GujaratGovernment
20Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of TechnologyUG, PG (B.Tech and M.Tech in Ceramics)Merit based and WBUT-CET examKolkata, West Bengal Private
21Government Polytechnic- FirozabadUG, PG (Diploma in Glass and Ceramic Engineering)State entrance testFirozabad, Uttar pradeshGovernment

Ceramic colleges in India

Anna University(ACT Campus)

Alagappa College of Technology is an institution located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu that offers B.Tech and M.Tech in Ceramic Technology and also Ph.D in Ceramic Engineering. Department of Ceramic Technology introduced in the year 1993. Apply for TNEA (counselling) which depends on cut off marks scored in 12th std (for B.Tech admission) and for higher studies, apply for TANCET(Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test) and GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) exams.

Government College of Engineering and Technology

Government College of Engineering and Technology is formerly known as College of Ceramic Technology which is located in Kolkata, West Bengal. It is a premier government funded academically autonomous institute, affiliated to the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad university of Technology in Kolkata, West Bengal. Ceramic department in this college is introduced in the year of 1941.The mode of admission is based on state level and national level exams like WBJEE(West Bengal Joint Entrance Exam), WBUT PGET(West Bengal University of Technology Post Graduate Entrance Test) and GATE.

Institute of Ceramic Technology

Institute of Ceramic Technology is a polytechnic and government institution affiliated to Department of Technical Education which is located in cuddalore, Tamil Nadu. Diploma in Ceramic Technology in this institution established in the year of 2000. Admission is based on State-level entrance exam

College name: Government Polytechnic –Jhajjar

Government polytechnic-Jhajjar is an institution approved by AICTE(All India Council for Technical education) which is located in Jhajjar, Haryana. In this government institution, they offer Diploma in Ceramic Technology and this institution was established in the year of 1961. The admission is based on the merit and state level entrance exam.

Utkamalai Gopabandhu Institute of Engineering

Utkamalai Gopabandhu Institute of Engineering is premier and prestigious state governmental institution which is located in Sundaragh, Odisha under the Directorate of Technical Education and Training. This institute got another feature by introducing Diploma in Ceramic Engineering and Technology in the year of 1995 for the first time in Eastern India. Admission is based on Diploma entrance test (conducted by Directorate of Technical Education) at July month and then counselling begins at 1st week of August.

Lukhdhiriji Engineering College

Lukhdhiriji engineering college is operated by government of Gujarat which is affiliated to Gujarat technological university, located in Morbi, Gujarat and is approved by AICTE. In this engineering college, Ceramic Technology course is at diploma level and this college is established in the year of 1951. For seeking admission in Diploma in Ceramic Technology, a candidate should have passed 10th or High School Examination or its equivalent exam.

National Institute of Technology

National institute of technology is a premier institute of higher learning for engineering, science and technology, located in Rourkela(steel city), Odisha.
This institution offers UG, PG and also Ph.D level of Ceramic Engineering and established in the year of 1961. Coming to an admission process, at UG level, the candidate should appear for JEE Mains (Joint Entrance Exam) which is conducted on the first Sunday in the month of april; at PG level, GATE; at Ph.D level, through NITR selection procedure.

Andhra University

Andhra university is one of the oldest universities in India, located in port city of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. This university offers ceramic course at UG level of B.E and B.Tech in ceramics and this university established in the year of 1955. The mode of admission is based on merit in qualifying examination and entrance test is conducted as per University rules.

Government Institute of Ceramic Technology

Government Institute of Ceramic Technology is a statewide institution in Andhra Pradesh, located in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh approved by AICTE and SBTETAP ( State Board of Technical education Andhra Pradesh ). This ceramic institute offers Diploma in Ceramic technology which is a sandwich course and established in the year of 1952. The admission process is based on AP POLYCET(Andhra Pradesh Polytechnic Common Entrance Test) which is conducted by State Board of Technical education on the month of June.

Banaras Hindu University

Banaras Hindu University is a public central university which is located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. It claims the title of the largest residential university in Asia, over 30,000 students. This university offers ceramic course at UG, PG and also at Ph.D level in Ceramic Engineering and this course published as early as 1924. For seeking admission in this university, a candidate should appear for BHU UET (Banaras Hindu University Undergraduate Entrance test) conducted on first week of April to last week of April at UG level and BHU PET (Banaras Hindu University Postgraduate Entrance test) conducted on the 2nd week of May to 4th week of May at PG level. Also, BHU notifies Ph.D admission twice a year for January and July session respectively at Ph.D level.

Engineering college

Engineering college also known as University Teaching department of Rajasthan Technical University (UTD-RTU) is an autonomous technical institute in Northern India, located in Kota, Rajasthan. They offer Ceramic Engineering at UG level. This institute was established in 1981 by Government of Rajasthan. For seeking admission, a candidate should appear for RPET( Rajasthan Pre-Engineering Test) is a state level entrance exam was conducted on the first day after the release of RPET application form and JEE(Main)2015 exam.

PDA College of Engineering

PDA College of engineering or Poojya Dodappa Appa College of Engineering is affiliated to Vivesvaraya Technological University, located in Gulbarga, Karnataka and approved by AICTE. This engineering institute offers B.E in Cement and Ceramic Engineering. It is the first college to start Ceramic and Cement Technology course in South India. This institution was founded in the year 1958. This college offers Ceramic Engineering at UG level. For admission, a candidate should appear for COMEDK-UGET( Consortium of Medical Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka-Undergraduate Entrance Test) held in May month and COMEDK-KCET(Consortium of Medical Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka-Karnataka Common Entrance Test) conducted by Karnataka government held in the month of April.

R.N Shetty Rural Polytechnic(RNSRP)

R.N Shetty Rural Polytechnic(RNSRP) is affiliated to Department of Technical Education, Government of Karnataka and approved by AICTE . This private institution is located in Uttara Kannada, Karnataka and offers Diploma in Ceramic Technology. This institute established in the year of 1987. The admission is based on I, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB for Karnataka candidates; passed Karnataka SSLC and the candidate other than Karnataka state SSLC has to produce eligibility certificate issued by Board of Technical Examinations, Bangalore before admission.

Shri Jayachamarajendra Government Polytechnic

Shri Jayachamarajendra Government Polytechnic is a government institution located in Bengaluru, Karnataka. This polytechnic institution offers Diploma in Ceramic Technology and this college was established in the year of 1943. For seeking diploma admission in this college, a candidate should have passed the 10th or equivalent exam, 12th passed candidate wants to pursue this course, he/she must have chemistry, physics and mathematics as main subjects.

Mumbai university

Mumbai University is one of the oldest and premier universities in India which is located in Mumbai. This university offers BFA(Bachelor of Fine Arts) in ceramics at UG level and this institution was established in the year of 1857. The admission is based on the process of MH-AAC-CET (Maharashtra Applied Arts and crafts –Common Entrance Test) through CAP (Centralised Admission Process) counselling.

Visva Bharati University

Visva Bharati University is a government institution was founded by Rabindranath Tagore who called it Visva-Bharati, located in Bolpur, West Bengal. This university offers BFA in Ceramics at UG and PG level and this university is established in the year of 1921. The admission process is based on merit and for others on basis of admission test.

MTT Vishwashanti Sangeet Kala Academy

MTT Vishwashanti Sangeet Kala Academy is located in Pune, Mumbai. This academy offers BFA and MFA in Ceramics at UG an PG level. The admission is based on apply online with required information.

MIT School of Fine Arts and Applied art

MIT School of fine arts and applied art is a private institution which gives importance to art and designs, located in Pune, Mumbai. This arts college offers BFA and MFA in Ceramics at UG and PG level. For admission, a candidate should have passed MH-AAC-CET/ MIT-ADTU FAE exam.

Gujarat Technological University

Gujarat Technological University (International Innovative University) is a statewide institution affiliating many engineering, pharmacy and management colleges, located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. This university offers Diploma in Ceramic Technology and this institution was published in the year of 2007. For admission, a candidate should have passed SSLC or passed 12th

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, formerly West Bengal of University(WBUT) is a public state university , located in Kolkata, West Bengal. It provides facilities for the pursuit of the degree and advanced – level courses in engineering, management and other professional areas. This private university offers B.Tech and M.Tech in Ceramics Technology at UG and PG level. This university founded in the year 2000. The admission process is based on merit and WBUT-CET exam.

Government Polytechnic- Firozabad

Government Polytechnic- Firozabad is a government polytechnic institution and is approved by AICTE, located in Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh. This institution offers Diploma in Glass and Ceramic Engineering and established in the year of 2004. For admission, a candidate should have passed the state entrance test.

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Types of ceramics – Classification Of Ceramics

by Thulasi K
written by Thulasi K

Ceramic is everywhere in our life. We don’t notice these things because it became a part of our life. In this article, we are going to see all the types of ceramic we have.

Types of ceramics

Now we discuss the types of ceramics in detail. The main classification of ceramics are

  1. Traditional Ceramics
  2. Advanced Ceramics

Traditional Ceramics

Traditional ceramics are olden ceramics usually produced with naturally occurring raw materials such as clays, quartz, feldspar. Often, traditional ceramics are used to refer the ceramics in which the clay content exceeds 20 percent.

Traditional ceramics are further classified into following types based on their applications

  • White wares
  • Pottery
  • Cement
  • Insulators
  • Refractories
  • Monolithic Refractories
  • Abrasives
  • Tiles
  • Glass

White wares

The name itself says whiteware! They are white in color , Results from the use of purer raw materials, and firing at high temperatures so thus giving sufficient strength and maturity. It may be glazed or unglazed depending upon the need of the customer. We can further classify the white wares into the following categories

  • Porcelain
  • Sanitary ware
  • China ware
  • Dinner ware or table ware
  • Hotel china

Porcelain

Porcelain is a vitrified and a non porous ceramic ware. It also translucent in nature. It is usually made up with tri axial composition.

whiteware types of ceramics

whiteware types of ceramics

whiteware type of ceramics

whiteware type of ceramics

Composition

China clay              – 60-67%
Potash feldspar        -17-30%
Quartz                -10-15%

 

triaxial

triaxial

A hard translucent ware usually of the triaxial composition, biscuit fired at a low temperature and glost fired at a high temperature or it may be once fired. The body is non porous and translucent

whiteware nontriaxl

whiteware nontriaxl

Physical properties

  • Dense
  • Non-Porous
  • Translucent
  • Hard
  • Fine grained

Chemical properties

  • Resitance to chemical attack
  • High thermal shock resistance

The firing temperature of porcelain is usually high in order to achieve the vitrification. The firing range varies between 1100-1300.

Now we discuss the types of ceramics in detail. The main classification of ceramics are

  1. Traditional Ceramics
  2. Advanced Ceramics

Traditional Ceramics

Traditional ceramics are olden ceramics usually produced with naturally occurring raw materials such as clays, quartz, feldspar. Often, traditional ceramics are used to refer the ceramics in which the clay content exceeds 20 percent.

Traditional ceramics are further classified into following types based on their applications

  • White wares
  • Pottery
  • Cement
  • Insulators
  • Refractories
  • Monolithic Refractories
  • Abrasives
  • Tiles
  • Glass

White wares
The name itself says whiteware! They are white in color , Results from the use of purer raw materials, and firing at high temperatures so thus giving sufficient strength and maturity. It may be glazed or unglazed depending upon the need of the customer. We can further classify the white wares into the following categories

  • Porcelain
  • Sanitary ware
  • China ware
  • Dinner ware or table ware
  • Hotel china

Porcelain

Porcelain is a vitrified and a non porous ceramic ware. It also translucent in nature. It is usually made up with tri axial composition.

Composition:
China clay             – 60-67%
Potash feldspar        -17-30%
Quartz                 -10-15%

A hard translucent ware usually of the triaxial composition, biscuit fired at a low temperature and glost fired at a high temperature or it may be once fired. The body is non porous and translucent

Physical properties

  • Dense
  • Non-Porous
  • Translucent
  • Hard
  • Fine grained

Chemical properties

  • Resitance to chemical attack
  • High thermal shock resistance

The firing temperature of porcelain is usually high in order to achieve the vitrification. The firing range varies between 1100-1300.

What is glaze?
A glaze is a thin shiny layer coating applied on the ceramic ware.
What is the advantage of glazing?

  • Good appearance
  • Smooth finish
  • Easy to clean
  • Long life
  • High mechanical strength
  • Resistance to scratching
  • Resistant to chemical attack

If glazed – The porcelain ware is initially bisque fired at certain temperature around 1050 degree followed by coating of glaze in the ware. After glaze coating the ware is allowed for a glost firing in the temperature range of about 1300 degree.

If un glazed – The porcelain body is directly allowed for single firing around 1400 degree Celsius.

Based on temperature porcelain is classified into

  • Hard porcelain (1330-1450)
  • Soft porcelain (1200)

Based on the application Porcelain is classified in to

  • Table ware porcelain
  • Sanitary ware
  • Chemical porcelain
  • Electrical porcelain

Pottery

Pottery is a ceramic article usually made with clays, Pottery refers to olden ceramics. In traditional pottery the articles are made using pottery wheels for desired shapes and size. Here 12 tools are used for making an ceramic objects

Pottery can be made by Jiggering and Jollying process. In both of these process we can made only symmetrical objects.

Jiggering process:
By this process we can produce insulators, table wares, dinner wares and china dishes. In jiggering we use convex mould.

  1. Wet clay is placed inside a convex mould
  2. Batting is done. Batting means a forming tool is allowed to press the wet clay to provide a initial rough shape
  3. The jiggering tool is heated to produce a final shape by pressing the wet clay ( the purpose of heating the tool is to avoid the sticking of clay in the tool, thus we can achieve a good efficiency)

This process is applicable for fabrication of symmetrical flat wares like dinner plates and saucers

Jollying process
Jollying process is similar to that of jiggering process, instead of convex mould concave mould is used to make the articles.

Hollow ware like bowls, cups, pot, flower vases, jugs and other symmetrical objects can be produced by this method.

Classification of pottery

  • Earthenware
  • Stoneware
whiteware pottery

whiteware pottery

Earthenware

Earthenware mainly used for decorative purposes.

Compositions

Ball clay           – 25 %
China clay        – 29 %
Quartz              -21 %
Feldspar          -15%

Properties

  • Can be easily chipped or broked
  • Non vitrified
  • Porous
  • lustrous
  • Non translucent

Firing Temperature

Bisque firing  – 1000-1160 degree celsius
Glost firing    – 950-1000 degree celsius

Stoneware
Stoneware is made with unrefined raw materials. It is a vitrified body with 5% porosity. Most of the stonewares are coloured due to the presence of impurities in the unrefined raw materials

Firing range: 1100-1200 degree Celsius
Why stoneware pipes is used in drainage construction instead of other wares?
If Metal pipes are used, it may get corroded, so there is a chances of sewage wastes passes through the surrounding area.
If we use Cement pipes, bacteria’s may passes through the tiny holes present in the cement pipes. It may tend to create some serious problems. So to avoid the above problems drainage is constructed using clays called stoneware.
Physical properties

  • Dense
  • Hard

Chemical properties

  • Resistance to chemical attack

How to glaze the stone wares?
Since the size of the stone ware products is relatively bigger, we cannot apply glaze by usual methods
Salt Glazing

While firing the stoneware in furnace, salt is added to the ware around 800-900 degree Celsius, it immediately tends to vaporised and stick into the surface of the ware. Due to the vaporisation the temperature of the furnace decreases, so the temperature is increased and again the process is continued.

Based on compositions stone wares are classified into

  • Chemical stoneware
  • Stoneware sanitary ware
  • Stoneware tableware

Applications:
They are used in the

  • Construction purpose
  • Sewage
  • Drainage tanks
  • Stoneware pipes

Usually they have longer life and high strength, so no need to replace often. Thus saving the capital, time and energy.

Sanitary ware

Sanitary ware is a type of ceramic ware, which is made into larger pieces. It plays an important role in our daily basis.
Example: Kitchen sinks, Bathtubs, Urinal Stalls, lavatories etc

Raw materials used

  • Fireclays
  • Quartz
  • Kaolin
  • Grog
  • Saw dust

Firing Temperature
Firing temperature varies from 1200-1300 degree Celsius
Sanitary ware is further divided into

  • Fireclay Sanitary ware
  • Stoneware Sanitary ware
  • Earthenware Sanitary ware
  • Vitreous China Sanitary Ware
whiteware sanitaryware

whiteware sanitaryware

Abrasives

Abrasive is a material which is used for polishing, cutting grinding and to make a surface finish (for a smooth surface). Here rubbing action takes place between a hard material and soft material which leads to a removal of extra or unwanted particles or grains form the soft material by the friction.

abrasive types

abrasive types

Classification of abrasive grains

  • Natural Abrasives
  • Synthetic Abrasives
  • Super Abrasives

Natural Abrasives

  • Emery
  • Flint
  • Garnet
  • Crocus
  • Tripoli
  • Pumice
  • Diamond
  • Pitamacous Earth

Synthetic Abrasives

  • Diamond
  • Silicon Carbide
  • Alumina
  • Alumina
  • Crocus

Super Abrasives

  • Diamond
  • Alumina
  • Cubic Boron Nitrate
abrasive siliconcarbide

abrasive siliconcarbide

Classification of abrasive

Bonded Abrasives

Bonded abrasives are usually the mixture of abrasive grains with bonding materials and filler. The binder are bonding agent may be in the form of liquid, solid or semi solid.

Example: Grinding Wheels

Manufacturing Process of Bonded Abrasives

abrasive processes

abrasive processes

Coated Abrasives

In Coated abrasives the grains are bonded to the substrate (or backing) with the help of adhesives. Commonly used backings are

  • Paper
  • Cloth
  • Vulcanized Fiber

Requirement of Coated Abrasives

  1. It should be smooth enough for uniform adhesive coating
  2. Strong enough to withstand the grinding pressure
  3. Have to be flexible to use in contours

Manufacture Process of Coated Abrasives

abrasive coated

abrasive coated

Refractories

Generally, “refractory is defined as an ability of a material to withstand high temperature without undergoing any deformation”. It may be shaped or unshaped. Unshaped refractories are known as MONOLITH (refractories in powder form)

According to ASTM, the refractories are non-metallic materials having those chemical and physical properties that make them applicable of structure or components of system that are expose to environment about 1538 degree Celsius.

According to JIS, Refractories are shaped materials that are durable at high temperature about 1500 degree Celsius and unshaped materials and insulating fire brick with a service temperature of about 1800 degree Celsius.

Now we can see the classification of refractories.

Physical classification

  • Shaped g.: Bricks
  • Unshaped eg: Monolith
  • Fibrous eg: A refractory is made into a fibre

Chemical Classification

  • Oxides eg: Al2o3, Mgo, Sio2, 3Al2o3.2sio2.
  • Non oxides eg: Si3N4, Sic, Al4N
  • Composites eg: Mgo.C, Sic.C, Al2o3.Sic

Chemical Behaviour

  • Acidic refractories eg: Sio2, Fireclay, Mullite
  • Basic refractories eg: Dolomite, Mgo, Forsterite
  • Neutral refractories eg: Cr2o3, C, highly pure Al2o3.

Thermal Classification

  • Normal Refractories               – 1580-1780 degree Celsius
  • High temperature refractories – 1780-200 degree Celsius
  • Super refractories – more than 2000 degree Celsius

Refractories has a great impact in the field of ceramics

General refractory manufacturing process

refractory processs

refractory processs

Properties to be tested for refractories

Physical properties

  • Density
  • Porosity
  • Apparent porosity
  • Bulk density
  • Cold crushing strength
  • Modules of rupture
  • Microstructure
  • wear

Thermal properties

  • Thermal conductivity
  • Thermal expansion
  • Thermal shock resistance
  • Pyrometric cone equivalent
  • Permanent linear change
  • Reversible thermal expansion
  • Hot modulus of rupture
  • Refractoriness under load

Chemical properties

  • Hydration resistance
  • Corrosion resistance
  • Carbon mono oxide resistance

Tiles

Now a day’s tiles play a major role in the field of construction. Tiles are durable, Odourless, hygienic, fireproof, water resistant, chemical resistant,  heat resistant, it has long lifespan, easy to install and even cost effective too, this is the main reasons for increasing usage of tiles in residential as well as in commercial areas. Tiles are available in rectangular and square shape. They are available in different colours, patterns and textures.

All tiles are ceramic tiles only but they are differentiated as ceramic tiles and vitrified tiles ( porcelain tiles which has nearly zero porosity)

Tiles may be in the form of

  • Mosaics
  • Marbles
  • Sandstone
  • Porcelain
  • Quarry tiles

Depends on the usage the tiles are classified into

  • Floor tiles
  • Wall tiles
  • Terracotta tiles

Floor Tiles

Floor tiles are usually dense, vitrified (nearly zero porosity, zero water absorption) and stronger, this is why because it should provide a necessary friction for us to walk if not we may slip down. So when compare to wall tiles, floor tiles should have zero porosity, more load bearing capacity and high strength in order to provide a good life span. They are available in various types of finishes such as glossy, matt, antiskid, high definition, textured, scratch free etc..,

Raw materials used:

  • Stoneware clay
  • Ball clay
  • China Clay
  • Cornwall stone
  • Mica
  • Feldspar
  • Grog

It may be glazed or unglazed

floor tiles types of ceramics

floor tiles types of ceramics

Wall Tiles

In the case of wall tiles, it is not completely vitrified! It porous, its water absorption is nearly 10% and mostly used for decoration purpose. It can be made in to different shape, size and based on the specific finishes such as wood, rustic, metallic and stone etc.., and may be glossy or matt finish or it may be glazed or unglazed depending upon the requirement of the customers. Most of the time wall tiles are glazed with different colorants to provide a good decorative look. These tiles are suitable for internal and external wall applications

 

tiles wall

tiles wall

 

 

Raw material used:

This is similar to that of floor tiles

  • China Clay
  • Ball clay
  • Flint
  • Cornish stone etc

Terracota tiles

High graded fire clay is used to manufacture these types of tiles

Glass

A major [simple_tooltip content=’A glass is a amorphous material( non- crystalline)’]glass[/simple_tooltip] former is silica sand, when silica is heated to 1713 degree Celsius it gets melts. When the melt is subjected to a sudden cooling glass is formed. This is because we are not giving sufficient time for the formation of crystal, so atoms are randomly arranged and lead to the formation of glass. You can find the glass bottle manufacturing process.

 Types of glass

Soda lime glass
Borosilicate glass
Potash lime glass
Potash lead glass
Common glass
Special glass

glass

glass

Mehanism of glass formation

  • Nucleation
  • Growth

Raw materials used:

  • Silica Sand
  • Limestone
  • Feldspar
  • Nepheline Syneite
  • Borate materials
  • Gypsum
  • Cullet
  • Colorants
  • Fining agent
glasses

glasses

Advanced Ceramics

Ceramics are considered to be a pottery, refractory bricks, glasses, cements and abrasives! Not at all! Its usage is more than that. The last few decades have seen the development of ceramics in various areas and those developments in other words known as advanced ceramics.

Advanced Ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic, basically crystalline material of rigorously controlled composition( control in grain size and shape,phase distributions and porosity) and manufactured with detailed regulation from highly refined and characterised raw materials giving precisely specified attributes.

Advanced ceramics are also known as technical ceramics or special ceramics or high performance ceramics. They are meant for extreme condition withstanding applications. For instance highly resistant to temperature, melting, wear, corrosion etc..,

They provide high electrical, thermal, dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, ferromagnetic, electronic, semiconducting, superconducting, ionic, electro-optical  properties which hatch their use in wide range of industries.

Unlike traditional ceramics it need high pure raw materials some time a fine chemicals. It is mostly non-oxides.

Some of the advanced ceramic materials are

  • Silicon Carbide
  • Silicon Nitride
  • Alumina
  • Zirconia etc

Each with their own special characteristics and properties, which is highly efficient and economic. Conventional ceramics are processed by extrusion, slip casting, pressing, jiggering, jollying, drawing, rolling etc, where advanced ceramics are processed by hot pressing, battery casting and pressure casting etc,.

 

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